The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB 2002) acknowledges and supports the need for partnership and collaboration among the many stakeholder groups to increase learning for all students—especially students in poverty who have traditionally fared poorly in school. In its first years of implementation, NCLB emphasized systems for ensuring learning in reading and mathematics in elementary and middle schools, but in recent years, other subjects, such as science, have gained more attention and prominence. Science educators at all levels should understand the major provisions of the law, work to build effective partnerships with stakeholders, push for adequate funding to reach the vision, and take advantage of the opportunity presented by increased accountability for student learning in science. This chapter discusses major provisions of NCLB with implications for science education.